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NOTES:
1. Thomas A. DeBlack, “1863: ‘We Must Stand or
Fall Alone,’” in Rugged and Sublime: The Civil War in Arkansas, ed. Mark
K. Christ (Fayetteville: 1994), p. 74; “Evolution of Arkansas Townships,
1870-1920, from U.S. Census Publications Opening the 1920 Census,” n.d., 87,
Arkansas History Commission, Little Rock, Arkansas.
2. Carl Moneyhon, “1861: ‘The Die is Cast,’” in Christ,
Rugged and Sublime, 4-8; Bobby L. Roberts, “Desolation Itself: War in the
Delta,” in The Arkansas Delta: A Landscape of Change, Tom Baskett, Jr.,
ed. (Helena: 1990), pp. 67-68.
3. William L. Shea and Earl J. Hess, Pea Ridge:
Civil War Campaign in the West (Chapel Hill, North Carolina: 1992), pp.
284-304.
4. A.F. Sperry, History of the 33d Iowa
Infantry Volunteer Regiment 1863-6, Gregory J.W. Urwin and Cathy Kunzinger
Urwin, eds. (Fayetteville, Arkansas: 1999), pp. 14-16; Annie Wittenmyer, “Under
the Guns: A Woman’s Reminiscences of the Civil War,” Phillips County
Historical Quarterly 17 (September 1979): pp. 1-4; Keokuk (Iowa) Daily
Gate City, July 28, 1862; Minos Miller to “Dear Mother,” August 12, 1863,
Minos Miller Papers, Special Collections Division, University of Arkansas
Libraries, Fayetteville, Arkansas; Charles O. Musser to “Dear Father,” February
3, 1863, in Barry Popchock, ed., Soldier Boy: The Civil War Letters of
Charles O. Musser, 29th Iowa (Iowa City, Iowa: 1995), p. 24.
5. William E. McLean, Forty-Third Regiment of
Indiana Volunteers: An Historic Sketch of Its Career and Services (Terre
Haute, Indiana: 1903), p. 97; Keokuk (Iowa) Daily Gate City, August 25,
1863; DeBlack, “1863,” pp. 77-78; Minos Miller to “Dear Mother,” April 18, 1863;
Minos Miller to “Dear Mother,” June 12, 1863, both in Miller Papers; Earl J.
Hess, “Confiscation and the Northern War Effort: The Army of the Southwest at
Helena,” Arkansas Historical Quarterly 44 (Spring 1985): pp. 60-75.
6. The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the
Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, 128 vols. (Washington,
D.C.: 1880-1901), ser. 1, vol. 22, pt. 1: pp. 408-09 (hereafter cited as OR);
Lurton Durham Ingersoll, Iowa and the Rebellion: A History of the Troops
Furnished by the State of Iowa to the Volunteer Armies of the Union, Which
Conquered the Great Southern Rebellion of 1861-65 (Philadelphia: 1866), p.
615; Ira Seeley to Martha Seeley, May 31, 1863, in Greg Seeley, ed., Ira
Seeley Civil War Letters (Afton, Iowa: Privately printed, 1981), p. 20; John
Elkins to Sarah Elkins, June 27, 1863, John Elkins Letters, State Historical
Society of Iowa, Des Moines, Iowa.
7. OR , ser. 1, vol. 22, pt. 2: 39; Thomas N.
Stevens to “Dear Father,” January 9, 1863; Thomas N. Stevens to Carrie Stevens,
May 2, 1863, both in George M. Black-burn, ed., “Dear Carrie....”: The Civil
War Letters of Thomas N. Stevens (Mount Pleasant: Clarke Historical Library,
Central Michigan University, 1984), pp. 33-34, 96.
8. Sperry, 33d Iowa, 37; OR, ser. 1,
vol. 22, pt. 1: pp. 409, 420; W. H. H. Shibley and J. S. Shibley to “Beloved
Parents,” July 23, 1863, in Ruie Ann Smith Park, ed., The Civil War Letters
of the Shibley Brothers, Wm. H. H. and John S., to Their Dear Parents in Van
Buren, Arkansas (Fayetteville, Arkansas: Washington County Historical
Society, 1963), p. 106; Thomas N. Stevens to Carrie Stevens, May 2, 1863; Thomas
N. Stevens to Carrie Stevens, July 6, 1863, both in Blackburn, Dear Carrie,
96, 126.
9. John F. Lacy [Lacey], “A Battle Scene at Helena, Ark.,
July 4, 1863,” in The War of the Sixties, ed. E. R. Hutchins (New York:
1912), p. 193; Frederick Salomon, “The Battle of Helena, 4 July 1863,” June 9,
1893; accessed July 5, 2002; available from http://www.execpc.com/~kap/battle.html;
Ingersoll, Iowa and the Rebellion, 616-17; OR, ser. 1, vol. 22,
pt. 1: p. 400.
10. Ezra J. Warner, Generals in Blue: The Lives of the
Union Commanders (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1964),
385-86; OR, ser. 1, vol. 22, pt. 1: p. 387.
11. James B. Loughney to “Dear Father,” July 7, 1863, in
Dale P. Kirkman, ed., “The 28th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment at Helena: II,”
Phillips County Historical Quarterly 12 (June 1974): pp. 21-22; Charles O.
Musser to “My Dear Parents,” May 8, 1863, in Popchock, Soldier Boy, 51;
George Washington Towne to “Dear Sister,” May 22, 1863, George W. Towne Letters,
State Historical Society of Iowa; Ira Seeley to Martha Seeley, June 24, 1863, in
Seeley, Civil War Letters, 25.
12. Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies
in the War of the Rebellion, 30 vols. (Washington, D.C.: 1894-1922), ser. 1,
vol. 25: 227 (hereafter cited as ORN); OR, ser. 1, vol. 22, pt. 2:
pp. 335-39; OR, ser. 1, vol. 22, pt. 1: p. 388.
13. OR, ser. 1, vol. 22, pt. 1: pp. 388-89;
Keokuk (Iowa) Daily Gate City, July 9, 1863; ORN, ser. 1, vol. 25:
pp. 227-28; Thomas N. Stevens to Carrie Stevens, July 6, 1863, in Blackburn,
Dear Carrie, 125; Minos Miller to “Dear Mother,” July 6, 1863, Miller
Papers; “Diary of John S. Morgan, Company G, Thirty-Third Iowa Infantry,” Part
1, Annals of Iowa 13 (January 1923): p. 492; Lacy, “Battle Scene,” 194.
14. Edward S. Redington to Mary Redington, July 3, 1863, in
“The 28th Wisconsin Infantry at Helena: VII: Letters of Captain Edward S.
Redington, Company D,” Phillips County Historical Quarterly 14 (March
1976): p. 30.
15. Quoted in Kim Allen Scott, “A Diminished Landscape: The
Life and Death of Major Robert Henry Smith,” Missouri Historical Review
91 (July 1997): p. 368.
16. W.H.H. Shibley and J. S. Shibley to “Beloved Parents,”
July 23, 1863, in Park, Civil War Letters, 105.
17. OR, ser. 1, vol. 24, pt. 1: p. 219; OR,
ser. 1, vol. 22, pt. 1: p. 407; OR, ser. 1, vol. 22, pt. 2: pp. 867-68.
18. OR, ser. 1, vol. 22, pt. 1: 409, 411, 413, 427,
436; Henry Ewing to Dr. and Mrs. John F. Allen, July 11, 1863, in William J.
Crowley, ed., “Henry Ewing: A Biographical Sketch,” Independence County
Chronicle 27 (April-July 1986): p. 21; W. H. H. Shibley and J. S. Shibley to
“Beloved Parents,” July 23, 1863, in Park, Civil War Letters, 105.
19. OR, ser. 1, vol. 22, pt. 1: pp. 409-10, 420.
20. OR, ser. 1, vol. 22, pt. 2: p. 903; OR,
ser. 1, vol. 22, pt. 1: pp. 409-10.
21. OR, ser. 1, vol. 22, pt. 1: pp. 410, 413,
423-24, 427, 430, 435-36; W.H.H. Shibley and J.S. Shibley to “Beloved Parents,”
July 23, 1863, in Park, Civil War Letters, 106.
22. OR, ser. 1, vol. 22, pt. 1: pp. 413, 424, 428,
436; Michael E. Banasik, ed., Missouri Brothers in Gray: The Reminiscences
and Letters of William J. Bull and John P. Bull (Iowa City, Iowa: 1998), pp.
55, 57.
23. John S. Morgan, “Journal,” July 4, 1863, State
Historical Society of Iowa; Sperry, 33d Iowa, 35, 37; Thomas N.
Stevens to Carrie Stevens, July 6, 1863, in Blackburn, Dear Carrie,
125-26; OR, ser. 1, vol. 22, pt. 1: pp. 388, 393, 395, 398; Lacy, “Battle
Scene,” 194.
24. Albert G. Foster, “On Picket Duty before the Battle of
Helena,” June 26, 1902; accessed June 7, 2002; available from http://www.execpc.com/~kap/picket.html;
OR, ser. 1, vol. 22, pt. 1: pp. 388, 392, 395, 398, 424; Keokuk (Iowa)
Daily Gate City, July 9, August 25, 1863; W.H.H. Shibley and J.S.S. Shibley
to “Beloved Parents,” July 23, 1863, in Park, Civil War Letters, 105.
25. OR, ser. 1, vol. 22, pt. 1: pp. 395, 398, 404,
424, 428; Morgan, “Journal,” July 4, 1863.
26. OR, ser. 1, vol. 22, pt. 1: pp. 410, 424-25,
428, 431-32.
27. OR., ser. 1, vol. 22, pt. 1: p. 428; Morgan,
“Journal,” July 4, 1863; Sperry, 33d Iowa, 38-40.
28. OR, ser. 1, vol. 22, pt. 1: pp. 425, 428, 431.
29. OR, ser. 1, vol. 22, pt. 1: pp. 405-6, 430; F.R.
Earle to Amanda Buchanan, July 25, 1863; James Albert Buchanan to Amanda
Buchanan, August 4, 1863, both in Robert E. Waterman and Thomas Rothrock, eds.,
“The Earle-Buchanan Letters of 1861-1876,” Arkansas Historical Quarterly
33 (Summer 1974): pp. 137, 139.
30. Parke County Republican, July 15, 1863; OR,
ser. 1, vol. 22, pt. 1: p. 430; ORN, ser. 1, vol. 25: p. 229.
31. OR, ser. 1, vol. 22, pt. 1: pp. 436-37.
32. OR, ser. 1, vol. 22, pt. 1: pp. 395, 397, 404;
William R. Barnes to Amanda Barnes, July 5, 1863, William R. Barnes Letters,
State Historical Society of Iowa.
33. OR, ser. 1, vol. 22, pt. 1: pp. 395, 397, 437;
Henry Ewing to Dr. and Mrs. John F. Allen, July 11, 1863, in Crowley, “Henry
Ewing,” 21; Scott, “Diminished Landscape,” 369.
34. OR, ser. 1, vol. 22, pt. 1: pp. 410, 433-37.
35. OR, ser. 1, vol. 22, pt. 1: pp. 410, 413-14,
417, 421; Banasik, Missouri Brothers in Gray, 57.
36. OR, ser. 1, vol. 22, pt. 1: pp. 414, 417, 421,
425; Lacy, “Battle Scene,” 194-95.
37. OR, ser. 1, vol. 22, pt. 1: pp. 388, 398,
404-6, 414, 418-19; Edward S. Redington to Mary Redington, July 7, 1863, in
“28th Wisconsin at Helena, VII,” 33; Banasik, Missouri Brothers in Gray,
57; Henry S. Carroll to “Dear Mother,” July 5, 1863; accessed June 7, 2002;
available from
http://www.execpc.com/~kap/helena2.html.
38. Morgan, “Journal,” July 4, 1863; OR, ser. 1,
vol. 22, pt. 1: pp. 388, 400, 421, 425, 428-29; Parke County Republican,
July 15, 1863.
39. OR, ser. 1, vol. 22, pt. 1: pp. 398, 400, 403-4,
406, 414; Lacy, “Battle Scene,” 195; ORN, ser. 1, vol. 25: p. 229;
Parke County Republican, July 15, 1863; Morgan, “Journal,” July 4, 1863;
Banasik, Missouri Brothers in Gray, 58.
40. OR, ser. 1, vol. 22, pt. 1: pp. 421-22; Edward
S. Redington to Mary Redington, July 7, 1863, in “28th Wisconsin at Helena,
VII,” 33; Dale P. Kirkman, ed., “The 28th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment at
Helena,” Phillips County Historical Quarterly 12 (March 1974): p. 14;
Henry C. Carroll to “Dear Mother,” July 5, 1863.
41. OR, ser. 1, vol. 22, pt. 1: p. 422; Henry S.
Carroll to “Dear Mother,” July 5, 1863; Edward S. Redington to Mary Redington,
July 7, 1863, in “28th Wisconsin at Helena, VII,” 33; Kirkman, “28th Wisconsin
at Helena,” 14; Banasik, Missouri Brothers in Gray, 59.
42. OR, ser. 1, vol. 22, pt. 1: pp. 411, 414, 418,
422.
43. Ibid., 411, 418, 422.
44. OR, ser. 1, vol. 22, pt. 1: pp. 399, 403, 411;
Morgan, “Journal,” July 4, 1863.
45. OR, ser. 1, vol. 22, pt. 1: pp. 398-401, 402,
425-26, 429-30, 432-33, 435; W.H. H. Shibley and J.S. Shibley to “Beloved
Parents,” July 23, 1863, in Park, Civil War Letters, 106-7; Edward S.
Reding-ton to Mary Redington, July 7, 1863, in “28th Wisconsin at Helena, VII,”
34; Parke County Republican, July 15, 1863.
46. William R. Barnes to Amanda Barnes, July 5, 1863,
Barnes Letters.
47. Keokuk (Iowa) Daily Gate City, July 15, 1863;
Thomas N. Stevens to Carrie Stevens, July 6, 1863, in Blackburn, Dear Carrie,
127; Xenia (Ohio) Torch-Light, August 5, 1863.
48. OR, ser. 1, vol. 22, pt. 1: pp. 389, 411, 415,
422, 427, 437; Dubuque (Iowa) Daily Times, July 8, 1863; W.W. Garner to
Henrietta Garner, July 7, 1863, in D. D. McBrien, ed., “Letters of an Arkansas
Confederate Soldier,” Part 2, Arkansas Historical Quarterly 2 (1942-43):
p. 173.
49. OR, ser. 1, vol. 22, pt. 1: 389-91, 399; Minos
Miller to “Dear Mother,” July 2, 1864.
50. OR, ser. 1, vol. 22, pt. 1: pp. 401, 411, 419.
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